who created concentration camps and who is responsible for people killed there?

Dawid

I am doing a research about knowledge about it and WWII

Answer
The Polish historian WÅadysÅaw KonopczyÅski has suggested the first concentration camps were created in Poland in the 18th century, during the Bar Confederation rebellion, when the Russian Empire established three concentration camps for Polish rebel captives awaiting deportation to Siberia. The earliest of these camps may have been those set up in the United States for Cherokee and other Native Americans in the 1830s;[attribution needed] however, the term originated in the reconcentrados (reconcentration camps) set up by the Spanish military in Cuba during the Ten Years' War (1868â1878) and by the United States during the PhilippineâAmerican War (1899â1902).[7] The English term "concentration camp" was used more widely during the Second Boer War (1899â1902), when the British operated such camps in South Africa for interning Boers.[7][8] They built a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as prisoners of war, the British sent 25,630 overseas. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children.[citation needed] Between 1904 and 1908, the Imperial German Army operated both concentration camps and the Shark Island Extermination Camp in German South-West Africa (now Namibia) as part of their genocide of the Herero and Namaqua peoples.

Which tent should I buy?

Don

I'm thinking about purchasing a 1 or 2 man tent for when I go backpacking and camping. I want something light and durable. I never had to purchase one because the tents were always provided through scouts and now the outdoors club at school.. happened to be the same Eureka! tent.

Let me know your thoughts on the different brands.

Answer
Two trees are not hard to find in any woods..funny that....gotta be something in that..errr..hmmm...bit difficult to find at 13 000 feet in the Andes or high in the Alps or in the Atacama Desert or on the sand dunes on the west coast of Spain.
My Coleman's have done all of them and stood up well.
And seen loads of forest and green valleys around UK and Europe, and in Chile and Peru, South Africa and India,,,green India that is, in lovely Kerala.
Maybe one day they'll see the Adirondak and even the Appalachians and get some dulcimer music through them to add to the sitars and the drums and the bagpipes of bonnie Scotland.
I take a tiny Coleman Raid everywhere now for easier terrain and as a back-up for hostelling trips in case I get stuck anywhere or find some place nice and decide to stay. I used a Coleman Viper for years on the mountains and still have it...looking not far off new.
For the money they cost you can do a lot worse than Coleman.
I've got Vango tents as well and use one for rough weather trips in the Scottish Highlands where the gales can be freezing and the rain comes in torrents. It's been brilliant, but maybe you can't get one in USA. The ultimate heavy duty trekker tent from Vango is the Force Ten series, of which there are several dozen on Everest any day of the year.
http://www.forcetentents.com/expedition/expedition.htm . . . .
All my Colemans and one Vango have a long side entrance for easier moving around and they air out great.
The Viper can be bought for $80 or so in USA, £60 in UK.
http://www.ukcampsite.co.uk/tents/p/Coleman-Viper/326 . . . .
Bottom two tents on here are the Coleman Raid and Epsilon
http://www.singersoutdoors.co.uk/pages/backpacking_tents.htm . . .

The Viper and one of the Force Ten models are together on here...old but you can still get them
http://www.meharris.co.uk/10besttents.html . . .

http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090731173821AAVOKbj . . . . .

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South Africa 2010?

Tokoloshim

Let's ALL go to S.A. in 2010! If we start making arrangements NOW, we can save up enough money to build our own 'village/camp' near Johannesburg. Imagine, people from all corners of the globe in our 'village'! (We could hire a piece of land, bring or buy tents, build ablution blocks, have an ENORMOUS marquee, giant TV screen, and party for a month!) Who says yeah???????
Seriously, if we are enough people we could charter flights, (at reduced prices, compared to commercial airlines) live cheaply, (we could have our own kitchens,
and party!!!!!!!! I am sure we could also get some sponsorship.
We put a tall fence around our camp, with securiyu guards, charge an entrance fee, and have a 'Football Woodstock'. Obviously we are not going to be watching soccer all the time.
Oops, security guards. (above)
All wellcome! Blacks, Whites, blondes, brunettes, Christians, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Atheists, dwarfs, nerds, ALL!
No bigots and racists!

Answer
Sure, let's do it.

What are six good things that are currently happening in Africa?

Unicorn

It just seems like everything is bad these days in Africa...

Answer
Google "Africa Safari" and one becomes completely overwhelmed by the hundreds of thousands of choices presented, page after page of safaris on offer by hundreds of tour operators. It is no easy task but with a little preparation, searching for the ideal Africa safari can be a success.

Here are several essential points to consider ensuring you choose the right Africa safari;

1. Where to Go

If it is animals you are after the obvious choices are Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia or South Africa. If it is Gorilla trekking and African wildlife choose Uganda, Rwanda and Kenya. If it is culture try Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; if you are really looking to get off the beaten track try Cameroon and Gabon in Central Africa.

East Africa: Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania offer a more "romantic" African safari; the roads, services and cultures are more authentic than the Southern African options.

The most famous parks of the Serengeti, Ngorogoro Crater, Masai Mara and Queen Elizabeth are in this part of Africa. The tropical African coastline of Kenya and the world famous Spice Island of Zanzibar. Anyone after animals, culture and a few days of relaxation on tropical beaches; East Africa is the obvious choice.

Southern Africa: Zambia, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa are far more western and comfortable than East African countries however they tend to lack the "real Africa" flair that we are accustomed.

The most famous parks in this area are Chobe, Etosha, South Luangwa, Okavango Delta and Kruger; the famous Namib desert and Fish River Canyon to the wine region of Stellenbosch. Southern Africa offers a very different experience to East Africa.

West Africa: Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana if you are after culture and not bothered about wildlife. Mali is famous for Djenne, Timbuktu and Dogan Country; Burkina Faso is well known for its music scene and Ghana offers historical sites from the old slave trade years, tropical beaches and a few game parks with very few animals.

Central Africa: Cameroon and Gabon is for the real adventure traveller. A safari through these countries will take you into a different world of tropical beaches, pygmies, bush meat markets, surfing hippos and thousands of low land gorillas. This part is far less travelled by the average tourist and can be difficult to find an English speaking tour.

2. Level of Luxury

5 star luxury accommodation to camping are all on offer in East Africa, Southern Africa and West Africa. Central Africa expect a minimum of 3-5 star accommodation.

Upmarket accommodation options are endless however expect to pay hefty prices for 3-5 star accommodation. Facilities are excellent offering well stocked bar/restaurant, often swimming pools, hot showers, flushing toilets as well as the romantic African colonial style most tourist lodges and hotels have adopted.

Campsites have changed immensely over the years. Gone are the days when there was no grass to pitch tents, cold showers (if water at all) and warm drinks in the fridge. Most campsites in East and Southern Africa are very well serviced and equipped boasting hot showers, flushing toilets, extensive bars and restaurants and good clean room accommodation to upgrade if camping does not take your fancy every night. Of course there is always the chance the power may go off and hot water may not last but overall campsites offer excellent value for money and all the amenities the average traveller desires.

3. Transport

Transport through Africa varies from Fly-in safaris, 4x4 Land Cruiser/Mini Van to custom built Overland Safari Trucks.

The most expensive but possibly practical way for those with a large budget and not much time is to fly from destination to destination. Most parks and major tourist attractions have air strips to cater for the fly-in safari traveller. Don't expect to camp on these safaris; companies offering fly-in also offer 5 star lodge accommodation. The downsides to fly-in safaris are that you miss out on the local sites, sounds, smells and culture of a country. Not really exposing to the real Africa. These tours offer full luxury.

Opting for 4x4 Land Cruiser or mini van is far cheaper than Fly-ins and offer anything from 5 star accommodation to camping safaris. Often group size is limited to 8-12 people per tour allowing for a small group feel without it being too overwhelming. These are popular safaris as they suit most budgets. These tours mostly stay in hotel/lodge accommodation with very little camping.

Overland custom built safari trucks are the cheapest option. Most tours offered in safari trucks are camping with the exception of a couple who offer hotel/lodge accommodation. Travelling in a large safari truck gives you the best viewpoint enhancing your Africa experience. The vehicles are totally self-sufficient complete with camping equipment and extensive kitchen. Travelling as a group, anything from 13-25 people offers communal style living and is p

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I live in Arizona and im going camping in 2days help?

tents for camping in south africa image

Breanna

I haven't been camping in a long time.. and the last time I went it was spring or winter. But its summer now and my boyfriend wants me to go with him. I know to take water and drink lots of it but does anybody have any ideas on how to keep cool? And ill be in the desert. Do you think it'll be okay to wear shorts?

Answer
Shorts can be OK if your skin is happy with them but long loose pants will keep the Sun off better. They don't get too hot if you get them with wide loose flappy legs.
Wear loose tops with plenty of ventilation.
Arabians don't wear shorts or skin-fit pants in the desert.
They wear loose fitting stuff. They've been there a long time.
If the material is light still use the sunblock under it. Sun can burn you right through thin cotton pants and tops , even loose ones but loose is a lot better than tight. See the link below.
Otherwise wear a sarong like the Indians and Malaysians do. They suit long loose tops a treat.
OK for the boys too. Men in Malaysia wear them with bright shirts or with western style jackets. I lived there a few years.
They are very comfortable to wear.
It's just a tube of light material you can wrap around you in one or two layers, roll it over at the top for a built-in band and tuck one end in under itself like a bath towel gets fitted..
Get it right you can run it it all day. Not in the desert without training though.
A friend just came back from South Africa where he ran a full 26 mile marathon in 40C heat.
He's 68. No problems. Used to it
Keep exercise slow enough to avoid overheating. Pace yourself for the conditions.
In the hottest part of the day, rest up in shade. Take some shade if you don't have natural shade. A washing line and a piece of cloth. Rig it up so you can rest under it in shade and keep whatever breeze there is flowing around you. Tents get too hot.
Morning and evening are activity time. Midday and early to mid afternoon are siesta time
Change it as you can to suit best what you plan to do on the trip but always err on the side of safety.

Get a wide brimmed hat, some good sunglasses and Piz Buin or similar Factor 50 sunblock.
That Piz Buin is used by mountaineers and skiers where UV is a big problem on bright sunny days high up.
Good in desert too. I used it in the Atacama and I always have some when I go the mountains.
Get it from sports and outdoor shops or online.
Great place, the Atacama. Driest desert in the world, but you can still live.

You need plenty to drink. Freezer blocks can last a while in an insulated bag or make a bag or box from polystyrene foam and newspaper. Large Thermos flasks are OK for a while as well. Gives you a start anyway.
Fill it with water leaving plenty of room for ice expansion, screw it up tight and put the whole lot in the freezer the day before you go.
Wrap it in newspaper, then a plastic bag, and pack stuff round it.That's cool water for tomorrow if the flask is big enough to last. The bigger they are the longer they take to warm up.
You can get coolers that work by evaporation but they use up water. OK if there's a creek handy.
Otherwise just keep the water containers in shade as much as you can.
Eat well, no junk. You need to stay healthy.
Have a great time.
Fun in the Sun..walkies.
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100704125838AAOUFkW . . . .

What kind of supplies would you need for a hot air balloon trip?

Millie

I'm doing a report and I need to know what kind of supplies should you take or need for a hot air balloon trip.
Just some ideas :)

Answer
You need warm clothing. It gets cold upstairs in the sky.
You need food. Nutritious food that isn't too heavy or bulky. And enough water for tea or coffee and for cooking. Packet soups and dehydrated meals are common rations for long balloon flights.
You need first aid equipment and some basic survival gear like a sleeping bag, a lightweight tent, camp stove or a means of making a fire ...but you will have a lighter for the gas burners on the balloon and hopefully some gas left for cooking with .....in case you come down in a remote place which sometimes can't be avoided.
You need parachutes in case of failure of the balloon fabric or of the gas burners because then you can just drop out of the sky very fast. Some balloon baskets have parachutes fitted but it's sometimes best to wear one and jump out in the less sophisticated variety.
Landing in the basket in high winds can be big time trouble.
I was made an honorary member of a hot air balloon club in Germany after seeing a balloon in trouble and running over to help while on a walk round the fields close to where I lived at that time. I was able to get a thrown rope wound round a tree to act as a brake and then stop the basket being dragged even further and damaging more crops or causing serious injury to the two balloonists.
I then helped with collapsing and folding the envelope which was easier with three people than two in the high wind. They are huge when laid out on the ground and in a wind they can be very troublesome to fold.
The balloon was made in Bristol in south west England by Cameron balloons who I had visited some years before and Bristol is still a world class centre of balloon construction.
The guys were quite envious but pleased that their rescue was aided by somebody with an interest, though I had never been up in a balloon, only a watcher.
I later enjoyed several flights with them, fortunately in good weather.
http://www.cameronballoons.co.uk/cgi-bin/open.cgi . . . . .
If the weather gets really rough it's usually best to just get out of the sky but landing can be very tricky in bad weather and it's one of the most dangerous times of many balloon flights, with the basket being dragged along the ground or caught in trees or power cables if the weather is so bad there isn't enough control over the balloon.
A grappling hook can be used as anchor and to slow the basket as the hook digs into the ground as the basket is carried along but it doesn't work on all terrain and sometimes can't be used because of the conditions.
Speed itself is not the problem at high altitude.
Long flights often take advantage of jet streams traveling at over 200mph. Close to the ground 40nph winds can be a nightmare.
As well as a bumpy and potentially lethal landing the fabric of the balloon (the envelope in balloon talk ) can be badly damaged. They cost a fortune and a replacement may take a long time to get ready.
Mishandling can also cause a lot of damage. Balloon fabric must be handled the right way.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/branson-blames-algerians-as-balloon-dream-fades-1288736.html . . . . . .
You'll need a map covering a large area so you can see where the wind is taking you.
Towns and roads look just like the map from a high viewpoint so it's even easier than map reading on the ground except when low cloud gets in the way and then you need x-ray eyes.
GPS units make it easy but you must allow for your altitude when using them or you can be a few miles wrong.
An international phrase book is a worthwhile addition to the gear since you might land in any country on long flights, from UK and Europe anyway and most parts of Africa.
The instruments on the balloon include an altimeter, a rate of ascent or descent meter, and a thermometer, and a short wave radio for communications plus another as a back-up radio.
Weather forecasts for the area you are traveling toward are very important so you can get out of trouble early enough to avoid a forced landing which may result in injury or death.
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hMypTa0D2nd3ZF2qVoTszw99zmgwD9IIV86O0?docId=D9IIV86O0 . . . . .
The ground team see to weather forecast relays on long distance flights and an ordinary broadcast band radio is useful too. Small world band radios are commonly carried by balloonists, pilots, sailors etc as a back-up to the normal communications systems for weather information and they work well high in the air except for some VHF broadcasts.
The gas cylinders providing the heating fuel for hot air balloons have a meter so you know how much gas you've got left.
You also need tools and materials for repairs and maintenance of the burners and the basket and the equipment that's carried and enough batteries to keep everything working.
You will also need oxygen and masks for high level flights.
Altogether a balloon flight over a long distance with two people in the basket can take around 70-100 lbs of equipment and rations.
For very long flights at high altitude the equipment and rations, water, oxygen, etc, can weigh over 200 lbs.
A recent event had balloons traveling several thousand miles as a distance competition and in those kinds of events you have no idea how long you'll be up there for and where you'll be coming down so being frugal with the food rations and water is a good idea but you still have to eat and drink enough to stay fit and alert.

In 1999 the first circumnavigation of the world by balloon was made by two people in the Breitling Orbiter balloon and took 20 days.
The first solo round the world by balloon followed three years later, by the English balloonist and explorer Steve Fosset.
Scroll right down to the last few years of ballooning.
http://www.baileyballoons.co.uk/about-us/history-of-ballooning . . .

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